Two cases of infancy associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (I-EPF) comparing the profile of infiltrating cells with classic EPF by immunohistochemical study.

Infancy associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (I-EPF) is a clinical variant of EPF that develops in childhood. Previous studies have suggested that I-EPF exhibits clinical and histological differences distinct from other variants, including classic EPF. Herein, we report two patients with I-EPF treated with topical indomethacin. These two cases exhibited less perifollicular and more perivascular eosinophilic infiltration, which is different in distribution from that of classic EPF. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the infiltrating mononuclear cells were CD4-dominant T cells in classic EPF and I-EPF, whereas the number of CD68-positive cells was significantly higher in classic EPF than in I-EPF. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (HPGDS), which has been reported to induce eosinophils and is a therapeutic target of indomethacin in classic EPF. HPGDS-positive cells were also observed in I-EPF, which may explain the effectiveness of topical indomethacin. Although clinical and histopathological features of I-EPF are different from other variants, the arachidonic acid pathway could be involved in eosinophil infiltration, not only in classic EPF but also in I-EPF.

Expert consensus on vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Japan.

Immunosuppressive therapies can affect the immune response to or safety of vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The appropriateness of vaccination should be assessed prior to the initiation of IBD treatment because patients with IBD frequently undergo continuous treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. This consensus was developed to support the decision-making process regarding appropriate vaccination for pediatric and adult patients with IBD and physicians by providing critical information according to the published literature and expert consensus about vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) [excluding cervical cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] in Japan. This consensus includes 19 important clinical questions (CQs) on the following 4 topics: VPDs (6 CQs), live attenuated vaccines (2 CQs), inactivated vaccines (6 CQs), and vaccination for pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding (5 CQs). These topics and CQs were selected under unified consensus by the members of a committee on intractable diseases with support by a Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant. Physicians should provide necessary information on VPDs to their patients with IBD and carefully manage these patients' IBD if various risk factors for the development or worsening of VPDs are present. This consensus will facilitate informed and shared decision-making in daily IBD clinical practice.

Monogenic inflammatory bowel disease with STXBP2 mutations is not resolved by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation but can be alleviated via immunosuppressive drug therapy.

STXBP2, encoding syntaxin-binding protein 2, is involved in intracellular organelle trafficking and is associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5. Although STXBP2 mutations reportedly cause monogenic inflammatory bowel disease, the clinical course and underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We identified a novel mutation in STXBP2 [c.1197delC, p.Ala400fs] in a boy with congenital intractable diarrhea and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH was treated with intravenous prednisolone, cyclosporine, and dexamethasone palmitate. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) along with prophylaxis for graft-versus-host-disease was performed at 5 months of age. Additionally, colonoscopies done before and after HSCT showed mild colitis with cryptitis. The patient showed elevated fecal calprotectin levels and persistent diarrhea even after HSCT and required partial parenteral nutrition. While anti-inflammatory treatment reduced diarrhea, it was not completely normalized even after HSCT, suggesting that the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease associated with STXBP2 mutations involves both hyperinflammation and functional epithelial barrier defects.

Clinical features of very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: a retrospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD), defined as IBD diagnosed in patients younger than 6 years, is a challenge for pediatric gastroenterologists. Although there have been reports regarding VEO-IBD in Western countries, those in Asia are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of Japanese VEO-IBD patients. METHODS: Patients with VEO-IBD diagnosed between 2006 and 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. The disease phenotypes were classified into ulcerative colitis type (UC-type) and Crohn's disease type (CD-type), and the clinical features and courses were compared between the phenotypes. RESULTS: Overall, 54 VEO-IBD patients (19 patients with UC-type and 35 patients with CD-type) were evaluated. The median age at onset was 18 months. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and 9 patients had monogenic IBD. Monogenic IBD was more prevalent in the CD-type patients with perianal disease (CD-type (PD)). The age at onset was significantly lower in the CD-type group (P<0.05). The most common initial symptom was bloody stools (70%), followed by diarrhea (63%), weight loss (24%), fever (20%), and perianal disease (20%). Excluding patients with SCID and monogenic IBD, 23 out of 44 patients (52%) required biologics. The biologics were switched in 11 out of 44 patients (25%), and the majority of these patients (82%) were in the CD-type group. Overall, 9 patients (20%) required intestinal resection or ostomy placement. CONCLUSIONS: CD-type tends to occur at an earlier age, and monogenic IBD occurs significantly more frequently in CD-type (PD). Disease severity and treatment should be individualized, owing to the disease heterogeneity.

Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a long-term retrospective study of Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is one of the most common skin cancers. Prognosis is favorable following surgical resection of early-stage disease, but the management of the metastatic disease is challenging. Several prognostic risk factors have been described in the American Joint Committee on Cancer/the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) 8th edition staging and the Brigham and Women's Hospital T classification system. However, their clinical validity in Asian populations is unclear because of racial differences in the clinical characteristics of CSCC. This study aimed to identify factors that could predict lymph node metastasis in Asian patients. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study evaluated 540 patients with primary CSCC between 1989 and 2013. Five factors were evaluated for their ability to predict lymph node metastasis: maximum tumor diameter, tumor thickness, depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, and infiltrative growth pattern (INF). RESULTS: Tumor diameter > 2 cm (p < 0.0001), tumor thickness > 6 mm (p < 0.0001), invasion beyond the subcutaneous fat (p < 0.0001), poor differentiation (p = 0.042), and INFc infiltration (p < 0.0001) were associated with lymph node metastasis in the univariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis was independently associated with tumor size > 2 cm [hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-6.2; p = 0.006], tumor thickness > 6.0 mm (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.4; p = 0.007), and invasion beyond the subcutaneous fat (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.1; p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Larger tumor diameter, greater tumor thickness, and deeper invasion included in the UICC T classification system are associated with increased risks of lymph node metastasis from CSCC in Japanese patients.

Case of cutaneous botryomycosis in an 8-year-old immunocompetent boy with a review of the published work.

Botryomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative granulomatous infection caused by several genera of non-filamentous bacteria. The clinical and histopathological findings are similar to those of mycetoma caused by true fungi or aerobic actinomycetes. Botryomycosis is divided into cutaneous and visceral disease, with the cutaneous form being more common. Histopathology shows granules of etiologic bacteria called "sulfur granules". Botryomycosis occurs more commonly among immunocompromised patients, although some cases have also been reported in immunocompetent patients. We report the case of an 8-year-old immunocompetent boy who visited our hospital with a 4-mm diameter subcutaneous tumor with mild tenderness on his right heel for several months. We surgically removed the tumor with an initial diagnosis of epidermal cyst. Histopathology showed sulfur granules surrounded by an eosinophilic matrix, indicating the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. The granules consisted of Gram-positive cocci, leading to a diagnosis of botryomycosis. The patient was successfully treated by excision and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (240 mg b.i.d.) for 2 weeks as adjuvant therapy. No recurrence was noted following treatment. The subcutaneous tumor in this case was smaller than the typical in botryomycosis infections. We reviewed the infection duration and tumor size in reported cases of botryomycosis in immunocompetent patients. Small tumor size may suggest that the case is in an early stage; therefore, it is important to remove and investigate these lesions proactively.

Structural behavior of keratin-associated protein 8.1 in human hair as revealed by a monoclonal antibody.

Keratin-associated protein 8.1 (KAP8.1) is a hair protein whose structure, biochemical roles, and protein distribution patterns have not been well characterized. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody against human KAP8.1 to analyze the protein's roles and distribution in the human hair shaft. Using this antibody, we revealed that KAP8.1 was predominantly expressed in discrete regions of the keratinizing zone of the hair shaft cortex. The protein expression patterns paralleled the distribution of KAP8.1 mRNA and suggested that KAP8.1 plays a role associated with cells to control hair curvature. Cross-reactivity among species and epitope analysis indicated that the monoclonal antibody recognized a linear epitope shared among human, mouse, and sheep KAP8.1. The antibody failed to interact with sheep KAP8.1 in native conformation, suggesting that structural features of KAP8.1 vary among species.

CADM1 is a diagnostic marker in early-stage mycosis fungoides: Multicenter study of 58 cases.

BACKGROUND: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Early-stage MF patches or plaques often resemble inflammatory skin disorders (ISDs), including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Cell adhesion molecule 1 gene (CADM1), which was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene in human non-small cell lung cancer, has been reported as a diagnostic marker for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. OBJECTIVE: We investigated CADM1 expression in MF neoplastic cells, especially during early stages, and evaluated its usefulness as a diagnostic marker for MF. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study by using immunohistochemical staining and confirmed the expression of CADM1 in MF. In addition, we compared CADM1 messenger RNA expression in microdissected MF samples and ISD samples. RESULTS: In the overall study period, 55 of 58 MF samples (94.8 %) stained positive for CADM1. None of the 50 ISD samples showed positive reactivity (P < .0001). We found CADM1 messenger RNA expression in the intradermal lymphocytes of patients with MF but not in those of patients with an ISD. LIMITATIONS: We did not conduct a validation study for MF cases in other institutions. CONCLUSIONS: CADM1-positive cells can be identified in early stages with fewer infiltrating cells and may be useful as a diagnostic marker for early-stage MF.

Gastric and enteric anisakiasis successfully treated with Gastrografin therapy: A case report.

We report a case of a 59-year-old woman who was diagnosed with gastric and small intestinal anisakiasis, which was successfully treated with endoscopic extraction and Gastrografin therapy. She was admitted to our hospital with epigastric pain and vomiting one day after eating raw fish. She exhibited tenderness in the epigastrium without obvious rebound tenderness or guarding. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated segmental edema of the intestinal wall with proximal dilatation and a small number of ascites. Because enteric anisakiasis was suspected based on the patient's history of recent raw fish consumption and abdominal CT, we performed gastroscopy and confirmed that nine Anisakis larvae were attached to the gastric mucosa. All of the Anisakis larvae were extracted via endoscopy, and the patient was diagnosed with gastric and enteric anisakiasis. Additionally, in the hospital, we performed ileography twice using Gastrografin, which led to shortened hospital stay. Based on the clinical results of this case, we suggest that Gastrografin therapy is a safe, convenient, and useful method to extract enteric Anisakis larvae.

Investigating the use of tie-over dressing after skin grafting.

Tie-over bolster dressing after skin grafting can prolong operative time, and cause hematoma and seroma formation because of uneven pressure application. To describe the possibility of discontinuing the use of tie-over dressing, we carried out a retrospective comparative study of patients who underwent skin grafting at an institution between January 2009 and December 2014. We investigated and compared the take rate, healing period, wound infection rate and hematoma formation rate for the tie-over dressing group and the non-tie-over dressing group. Among 266 patients, 148 and 118 patients were included in the tie-over dressing group and non-tie-over dressing group, respectively. There were no significant differences between the take rate, healing period, wound infection rate and hematoma formation rate for the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that the complete graft take rate was not significantly influenced by tie-over dressing, age, sex, graft site, graft procedure and skin graft diameter. Although the use of tie-over dressing might remain necessary on sites with a free margin, including the eyelids, lips or nostrils, because of the difficulty in using tape fixation, the present study showed that alternative dressing with polyurethane foam is also useful in most cases of skin grafting.

Heterologously expressed Aspergillus aculeatus ß-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a cost-effective alternative to commercial supplementation of ß-glucosidase in industrial ethanol production using Trichoderma reesei cellulases.

Trichoderma reesei is a filamentous organism that secretes enzymes capable of degrading cellulose to cellobiose. The culture supernatant of T. reesei, however, lacks sufficient activity to convert cellobiose to glucose using ß-glucosidase (BGL1). In this study, we identified a BGL (Cel3B) from T. reesei (TrCel3B) and compared it with the active ß-glucosidases from Aspergillus aculeatus (AaBGL1). AaBGL1 showed higher stability and conversion of sugars to ethanol compared to TrCel3B, and therefore we chose to express this recombinant protein for use in fermentation processes. We expressed the recombinant protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, combined it with the superb T. reesei cellulase machinery and used the combination in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, with the hope that the recombinant would supplement the BGL activity. As the sugars were processed, the yeast immediately converted them to ethanol, thereby eliminating the problem posed by end product inhibition. Recombinant AaBGL1 activity was compared with Novozyme 188, a commercially available supplement for BGL activity. Our results show that the recombinant protein is as effective as the commercial supplement and can process sugars with equal efficiency. Expression of AaBGL1 in S. cerevisiae increased ethanol production effectively. Thus, heterologous expression of AaBGL1 in S. cerevisiae is a cost-effective and efficient process for the bioconversion of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass.

Characterization of a novel missense mutation in the prodomain of GDF5, which underlies brachydactyly type C and mild Grebe type chondrodysplasia in a large Pakistani family.

All TGF-beta family members have a prodomain that is important for secretion. Lack of secretion of a TGF-beta family member GDF5 is known to underlie some skeletal abnormalities, such as brachydactyly type C that is characterized by a huge and unexplained phenotypic variability. To search for potential phenotypic modifiers regulating secretion of GDF5, we compared cells overexpressing wild type (Wt) GDF5 and GDF5 with a novel mutation in the prodomain identified in a large Pakistani family with Brachydactyly type C and mild Grebe type chondrodyslplasia (c527T>C; p.Leu176Pro). Initial in vitro expression studies revealed that the p.Leu176Pro mutant (Mut) GDF5 was not secreted outside the cells. We subsequently showed that GDF5 was capable of forming a complex with latent transforming growth factor binding proteins, LTBP1 and LTBP2. Furthermore, secretion of LTBP1 and LTBP2 was severely impaired in cells expressing the Mut-GDF5 compared to Wt-GDF5. Finally, we demonstrated that secretion of Wt-GDF5 was inhibited by the Mut-GDF5, but only when LTBP (LTBP1 or LTBP2) was co-expressed. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel model, where the dosage of secretory co-factors or stabilizing proteins like LTBP1 and LTBP2 in the microenvironment may affect the extent of GDF5 secretion and thereby function as modifiers in phenotypes caused by GDF5 mutations.